Kongi’s Harvest Essay

President Kongi, the dictator of an African developing nation, is trying to modernize his nation after deposing King Oba Danlola, who is being held in detention. Kongi demands that Danlola present him with a ceremonial yam at a state dinner to indicate his abdication. Daodu is Danlola’s nephew and heir, and he grows prized yams on his farm. Daodu’s lover Segi owns a bar where Daodu spends most of his time. Segi is revealed to be Kongi’s former lover. The different tribes are resisting unification, so Kongi tries to reach his goal by any means necessary, including forcing government officials to wear traditional African outfits and even seeking advice from the man he deposed. In a climactic scene at the state dinner, Segi presents Kongi with the disembodied head of her father. Post-Colonial review Colonization and Post colonization are twin evils in the so called civilized times. During colonization criticizing the Empire was not possible. But in the postcolonial era the colonized is not spared. Personal freedom demands that a human being has the right to follow any religion and faith. According to social rights he has the right to social security, protection and participation in the cultural life of the community. But these fundamental rights were denied to the colonized and the post colonized. The writers in the post-colonial period expose the cruelty and dehumanization ruthlessly practiced on the colonized. The very means and ways by which the native was discredited become effective weapons to hit back at the colonizer. The native was demeaned as a ‘savage’, his land called ‘a dark continent’, his heart ‘heart of darkness’, his religion ‘barbarous’ and himself ‘a cannibal’. The post-colonial writers use their cultural myths to prove the ignorance of the colonizer and his racial prejudice. They prove through their myths the greatness of their religion, the cosmic vision engendered by it, the possibility of rejuvenation inherent in it and the lesson of universal brotherhood advocated by it. The writers aim at exploiting various techniques as myths, carnival, intertextuality, palimpsest, contrapuntal reading, symbol etc. to help the reader see things from a new angle so as to question the official version of history, the so-called authenticity of the canon and the authority of intellectual hegemony exercised. The difference between the post-modern writer and the post colonial writer is that the former does it to promote nihilistic playfulness, whereas the post colonial writer is always conscious of the suffering undergone by the individuals; starting from concrete experience of pain he expresses his characters’ utter disorientation at the psychic level. The post colonial writing aims at rejuvenation of the wronged colonized and restoration of their prestige and identity. Myths engender ageless wisdom. When a writer uses it creatively and dynamically, he invests them with fresh layers of meaning and interpretation which highlight the contemporary reality. Malinowski’s observation affirms this; â€Å"Myth contains germs of the future epic, romance and tragedy† and continues that it â€Å"finds itself in certain of its forms of subsequent literary elaboration† Myth and ritual in a primitive society are the sustaining forces both in normal times and crises. No wonder all the African writers seek recourse to myths for restoring the fragmented personality of their fellowmen and reclaiming the distorted faith in their cultural tradition. Soyinka as a great traditionalist uses myths as the core of all his writings whether they are poems, fiction or drama. Kongi’s Harvest, Wole Soyinka’s latest play, has predictably created a sensation at Dakar, where it was presented at the Negro Arts Festival. For Soyinka has chosen a topical subject, African nationalism, and whether he tikes it nor not, his hysterical Kongi has probably been judged as much in terms of Nkrumah’s ejection, for example, as by artistic merit. This reviewer is largely unfamiliar with African politics and the traditional values upon which Soyinka apparently bases so much of his work. Consequently, these remarks of an unabashed outsider of necessity concern only the clarity and coherence of the play considered, perhaps unfairly, outside its social context. As mounted in the Arts Theatre at the University of Ibadan—that is, without the final scene, called â€Å"Hangover† and with considerable confusion attending its conclusion—the play depicts for the outsider what sort of harvest a man reaps if he sits alone on top of a mountain. That is Kongi’ssituation through the greater part of the play’ he descends, at its conclusion, to a harvest festival at which he is presented not with the expected new yam, but with a decapitated human head. Kongi, as several characters, in the play remark, is a poseur , a man who thinks of the world as watching him at all times. He sits upon his mountain looking out on the world, and at the same time, he is visible to that world. Such an approach to living seems to have taken its, emotional toll. Kongi is, hysterical, and in the final scene, he delivers in mime what we are told is a four-and-a-half hour speech, while the affairs of the world – the preparation of the new yam and the noise thereof— completely submerge the words of the speech. The speech is pure gesture, devoid of sound, unheeded by the world. The gestures, full of fury only, are those of a man out of all emotional control. Ranged in various more or less defined sorts of opposition to Kongi are at least three characters. The first of these is Oba Danlola an old arid obstinate, fiery, traditional leader. He is in detention as the play opens, presumably for opposition, and one of the major actions of the play involves bringing Danlola to present Kongi with the new yam—to renounce in effect his traditional authority in I he feast. The old order passeth, and DanLoJa finally consents. The outsider is not really competent to judge Obas generically. One imagines that, as sketched, Danlola is a stock traditional figure, and he seems a pleasant enough fellow. Yet, at one point, two characters liken him to Kongi in the important matter of posing. To the uninitiated there seems little obvious point in the comparison not because Danlola does not pose, but because his posing does not seem to have produced hysteria. This point may also be made in terms of the notion of â€Å"isms† developed in the play. Kongi, rules a land called Isma and his devotion to â€Å"isms† seems to be a function of his posing. Danlola, poseur though he may be, can’t really be said to participate in this fondness for â€Å"isms†. We have only the bare, unqualified assertion of Danlola’s likeness to Kongi and nothing visible on the stage to suppport the statement. Surely, here Soyinka has either led us considerably astray, or has failed entirely to carry us with him. Apparently, Danlola’s nephew and heir, Daodu, is also ranged against Kongi and his â€Å"isms†, â€Å"Apparently†Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ because we see Daodu do precious little. He is a bar fly, a habitue of Segi’s Night Club, and Segi’s present Lover. Segi is a sort of Herculean whore, Kongi’s former mistress about whom terrifying stories circulate: she destroys men, the suggestion is, sexually. It does not appear to what extent. Kongi’s present, highly disorganized condition is owing to his experiences with her. Nor is it clear whether it is Segi or Daodu who has the upper hand in their relationship. When he is not drinking Segi’s beer. Daodu raises champion yams on a farm settlement which runs a sort of Loose competition to the Kongian establishments, outdistancing them every time, it is his yam which is selected at the concluding festival, pounded and presented to all but Kongi, Obviously in the matter of harvest Daodu and his yams are separated from Kongi and hiS human head by the distance between life and death. However, Daodu at one point in the play announces a platform of resistance to Kongi which is predicated upon very nearly universal hatred and, to follow the metaphor, human heads. Segi opposes his position pleading for a loving approach to one’s fellow men, but, like so much in the play, the point of this conversation remains obscure. One is left to speculate whether Segi here asserts her basic domination of Daodu, or whether Daodu is to be viewed as the â€Å"developing character† who grows out of his hatred, or whether it is all a horrible joke. Segi’s words of love sullied by her profession. At any rate Daodu’s program of hatred seems clearly opposed to his benevolent yam growing, and we never see him do anything which resolves the issue. Segi may also be placed in opposition to Kongi, but if it is difficult to determine Daodu’s and Danlola’s positions, with Segi the problem is hopeless. Primarily this is true because we see her do even less, than Daodu. She never acts unambiguously in such a way as to disprove the persistent story that she destroys men. Her relation with Daodu is so undefined as to shed little light on this matter. For much of the play she maintains silence, which she breaks most noticeably with her passionate appeal for universal love. Here, her destructive tendencies seem open to question. Her other major action, completely at odds with her profession of universal love, concludes the play. Facing Kongi directly, she presents him with the decapitated head of her father. As staged, the confrontation is symbolic with a capital ‘S’ , in view of the obvious sexual overtones of the harvest festival, one immediately suspects that Kongi’s particular harvest results from cultivating the Likes of Segi, that if one resorts to her one can only get abominations. Here again Soyinka may have led us astray. If Segi is a champion in the pitched battle between the sexes—engaged in the good fight Soyinka his portrayed in The Lion and the Jewel—destroying men as rumor reports he does, Soyinka has carried us a long way from African nationalism in that final scene. For in that case, Kongi, and also Danlola and Daodu are mere tools in a perverse fertility rite, and the trouble with Africa lies not in its dictators, but in its whores. In view of the series of major interpretive alternatives suggested above, one is forced to conclude that Kongi’s Harvest is, to the outsider an incoherent sprawl. Alternative, and mutually exclusive interpretations are not artistic ambiguity, Soyinka sets us on a number of scents, which pursued, lead in no single direction. We are led into every briar patch in the area, along widely divergent andmutually exclusive paths, and end by running in very small, perplexed circles. Against such a view of the play two objections might be raised. First, some of the suggestions about the meaning of various actions might be termed over-ingenious. Such an objection must be at least partially granted; yet, Soyinka himself must bear partial responsibility for this critic’s over-zealous application, Soyinka has the true dramatist’s gift of making actions seem significant. His imaginative use of action and language effectively commands the audience â€Å"look here, this is important, and you should watch carefully†. When a comparison of two characters is underlined try considerable discussion of the comparison, when a dumb character finally speaks, when a passive character finally acts, we cannot choose but suspect the situation is important. Perhaps Soyinka is too good at gelling, our attention, with the result that we are fascinated by the non-essential as well as the essential. On the other hand, it might be objected that a man as unfamiliar with African politics and culture as this reviewer cannot form a proper opinion of such a play. This too is a formidable objection. Still, drama is a public form of art, if it is anything, and an artist like Soyinka should decide whether he wants to reach anything larger than a purely Nigerian or African public. It would seem that an artist tries to order parochial events in such a way that they have more than a parochial significance in presenting the uninitiated a dramatic experience with African politics Soyinka only confuses, and one can only suspect that he is confused himself. The matter of Right and Left Ears of State exemplifies the outsider’s difficulties very nicely. Those two remarkably named characters are introduced, as the henchmen of Kongi’s Organizing Secretary. They are a grand â€Å"sight gag†Ã¢â‚¬â€the conception funny enough to demand our attention, and we expect that they will do something amusing. Instead, they disappear mutely into the backroom of Segi’s Night Club, never to re-appear. We later learn that they have been killed in retribution for Kongi’s politics. Their memory lingers on, however; we can’t really believe that we have lost them so early; moreover, various characters employ â€Å"ear† phrases which recall their names to us. As a result, when in the last scene, the head is presented to Kongi, we, without Soyinka’s stage note stating whose head it is, recall, even if only for a brief moment, our old friends the Ears. Our attention, in other words is at least partially distracted at this important point by the strong expectation that the Ears will prove interesting. Soyinka must reckon with the fact that he can arouse our interest, and in nonessential matters, handle that talent carefully. It is a great disappointment to realize finally that, in the interests of coherence and clarity, many fascinating dramatic touches in Kongi’s Harvestshould, like the Ears of State, be more fully developed, carefully subordinated, or lopped off. Conclusion The end of the play leaves no hope in us for the purging of such societies. The struggle by Daoudu and others to overcome Kongi’s destruction is doomed. This futility of action is first hinted in the proverbs from â€Å"Hemlock† . Even Daodu and Segi who are the only ones courageous enough to openly condemn Kongi’s rule, are in the end victims of the predicted general clampdown indicated by the iron grating that clamps on the ground at the end of the play.

Mobile Learning

Mobile Learning Mobile learning can be defined as any sort of learning which employs wireless handheld technology. The recent development in mobile technology allows students to access information and learning materials from anywhere and at any time. With some great benefits, mobile learning is becoming more important in the current educational system. However, there are some limitations which cannot be omitted. One major advantage of mobile learning is its high flexibility. This mainly stems from the advances of size and weight of mobile devices.Compared to books and personal computers, mobile devices are easier to hold and have higher portability [1]. According to Kukulska-Hulme and Traxler [1], learners are able to use mobile devices in dissimilar learning settings, ranging from informal situations to more formal situations. In other words, students can use their phones during spare moments. Boyes [4] believes that this property can allow them to make good use of ‘dead timeà ¢â‚¬â„¢ for studying. In addition, the touch screen display, as the main interface by which students control the mobile devices, might improve their efficiency of study.However, this could as well be a shortage of mobile learning, which will be mentioned afterwards. Last but not least, the mobile devices can be useful tools for assisting disabilities in studying. Although mobile technology is developing rapidly, there is no specialized device which is designed for learning. Ally [3] indicates that mobile devices are mainly designed for occupational purposes but not educational and training purposes at present. Consequently, these tools may not satisfy all the educational needs.For instance, the small screens of the devices, with poor readability, are inconvenient for students to read articles. In the meanwhile, long term usage can possibly cause serious health problem, such as short sight and blood-brain barrier. According to Boyes [4], battery consumption and storage capacity are a lso inevitable limitations of mobile devices. Moreover, Ally [3] thinks that connectivity might be another considerable hindrance to mobile learning. With limited bandwidth and wireless capabilities, learners can hardly access learning materials on mobile devices.The good capability is another compelling advantage of mobile learning. Nowadays, mobile devices are compatible with audios, images and even videos. Ally [3] maintains that learning materials in multimedia format are more stimulating for learners. To put it differently, these elements probably improve the originality of students. Besides, including multimedia components prevents the learning materials to be too dull. This can increase the motivation of students. Additionally, students can easily find numerous supportive applications using their devices.For example, students can find and learn some difficult words with the help of dictionary applications. Furthermore, online search engines are excellent assistants for inform ation collection. All the above mentioned tools can improve learning efficiency. Even though mobile learning has tremendous benefits due to its high flexibility and multimedia compatibility, it poses an underlying problem at the same time – lack of communication. In real life lectures, students are doing face to face interaction with the lecturers.They may raise questions or give feedbacks instantly while they do not have the same opportunity in virtual lessons. O’Driscoll [5] suggests that this may cause a suppression of creative thinking and developed ideas. Moreover, as noted by Kukulska-Hulme and Pettit [2], it can be easy for students to get distracted. Furthermore, as one-way communication does not promote mutual understanding between people, misunderstanding and conflicts may easily occur. This deficiency can lead to poor team work. Also, mobile learning cannot help improve specific skills, especially presentation skills.This is because students must practice th is skill in front of audience in real life. In conclusion, the high flexibility and excellent capability are two advantages of mobile learning. Some aspect of learning can be improved through implementing this innovative learning method. Nevertheless, some substantial limitations show that it is definitely impossible for mobile learning to replace the traditional learning. Instead of a replacement, mobile learning should be considered an integral to the current educational system. In my opinion, mobile learning is important presently.However, there is room for improvement. Battery consumption and health problem might be ameliorated by the future technologies. Mobile devices should adapt to the needs of learners, in order to be an ideal tool for education. Apart from that, infrastructures for high bandwidth and wireless capabilities have to be built to enhance connectivity for better access. References 1. A. Kukulska-Hulme and J. Traxler, Mobile Learning: A handbook for educators and trainers. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Inc, 2005. 2. A. Kukulska-Hulme and J.Pettit, â€Å"Practitioners as Innovators: Emergent Practice in Personal Mobile,† in Mobile Learning: Transforming the Delivery of Education and Training. Canada: AU Press, Athabasca University, 2009, ch. 7, pp. 135-156. 3. M. Ally, Mobile Learning: Transforming the Delivery of Education and Training. Canada: AU Press, Athabasca University, 2009. 4. M. Boyes. (2011, Dec 17). 24 benefits of mobile learning. [Online] Available: http://insights. elearningnetwork. org/? p=507 5. N. O’Driscoll. The Disadvantages of One-Way Communication. [Online] Available: http://www. ehow. com/info_8307652_disadvantages-oneway-communication. html Mobile Learning Mobile Learning Mobile learning can be defined as any sort of learning which employs wireless handheld technology. The recent development in mobile technology allows students to access information and learning materials from anywhere and at any time. With some great benefits, mobile learning is becoming more important in the current educational system. However, there are some limitations which cannot be omitted. One major advantage of mobile learning is its high flexibility. This mainly stems from the advances of size and weight of mobile devices.Compared to books and personal computers, mobile devices are easier to hold and have higher portability [1]. According to Kukulska-Hulme and Traxler [1], learners are able to use mobile devices in dissimilar learning settings, ranging from informal situations to more formal situations. In other words, students can use their phones during spare moments. Boyes [4] believes that this property can allow them to make good use of ‘dead timeà ¢â‚¬â„¢ for studying. In addition, the touch screen display, as the main interface by which students control the mobile devices, might improve their efficiency of study.However, this could as well be a shortage of mobile learning, which will be mentioned afterwards. Last but not least, the mobile devices can be useful tools for assisting disabilities in studying. Although mobile technology is developing rapidly, there is no specialized device which is designed for learning. Ally [3] indicates that mobile devices are mainly designed for occupational purposes but not educational and training purposes at present. Consequently, these tools may not satisfy all the educational needs.For instance, the small screens of the devices, with poor readability, are inconvenient for students to read articles. In the meanwhile, long term usage can possibly cause serious health problem, such as short sight and blood-brain barrier. According to Boyes [4], battery consumption and storage capacity are a lso inevitable limitations of mobile devices. Moreover, Ally [3] thinks that connectivity might be another considerable hindrance to mobile learning. With limited bandwidth and wireless capabilities, learners can hardly access learning materials on mobile devices.The good capability is another compelling advantage of mobile learning. Nowadays, mobile devices are compatible with audios, images and even videos. Ally [3] maintains that learning materials in multimedia format are more stimulating for learners. To put it differently, these elements probably improve the originality of students. Besides, including multimedia components prevents the learning materials to be too dull. This can increase the motivation of students. Additionally, students can easily find numerous supportive applications using their devices.For example, students can find and learn some difficult words with the help of dictionary applications. Furthermore, online search engines are excellent assistants for inform ation collection. All the above mentioned tools can improve learning efficiency. Even though mobile learning has tremendous benefits due to its high flexibility and multimedia compatibility, it poses an underlying problem at the same time – lack of communication. In real life lectures, students are doing face to face interaction with the lecturers.They may raise questions or give feedbacks instantly while they do not have the same opportunity in virtual lessons. O’Driscoll [5] suggests that this may cause a suppression of creative thinking and developed ideas. Moreover, as noted by Kukulska-Hulme and Pettit [2], it can be easy for students to get distracted. Furthermore, as one-way communication does not promote mutual understanding between people, misunderstanding and conflicts may easily occur. This deficiency can lead to poor team work. Also, mobile learning cannot help improve specific skills, especially presentation skills.This is because students must practice th is skill in front of audience in real life. In conclusion, the high flexibility and excellent capability are two advantages of mobile learning. Some aspect of learning can be improved through implementing this innovative learning method. Nevertheless, some substantial limitations show that it is definitely impossible for mobile learning to replace the traditional learning. Instead of a replacement, mobile learning should be considered an integral to the current educational system. In my opinion, mobile learning is important presently.However, there is room for improvement. Battery consumption and health problem might be ameliorated by the future technologies. Mobile devices should adapt to the needs of learners, in order to be an ideal tool for education. Apart from that, infrastructures for high bandwidth and wireless capabilities have to be built to enhance connectivity for better access. References 1. A. Kukulska-Hulme and J. Traxler, Mobile Learning: A handbook for educators and trainers. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Inc, 2005. 2. A. Kukulska-Hulme and J.Pettit, â€Å"Practitioners as Innovators: Emergent Practice in Personal Mobile,† in Mobile Learning: Transforming the Delivery of Education and Training. Canada: AU Press, Athabasca University, 2009, ch. 7, pp. 135-156. 3. M. Ally, Mobile Learning: Transforming the Delivery of Education and Training. Canada: AU Press, Athabasca University, 2009. 4. M. Boyes. (2011, Dec 17). 24 benefits of mobile learning. [Online] Available: http://insights. elearningnetwork. org/? p=507 5. N. O’Driscoll. The Disadvantages of One-Way Communication. [Online] Available: http://www. ehow. com/info_8307652_disadvantages-oneway-communication. html

Muslim Americans Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Muslim Americans - Research Paper Example Example: â€Å"Being Muslim in America† book contains a number of significant historic events about the Muslim Americans. Accordingly the first evidence of such Muslims visiting the United States of America dates back to the period of 1619 to 1800s (Curtis, 2009). Some other authors have recorded Muslim vendors voyaging to America even before 1500. History and development of the American Muslim Community It is believed that approximately 30percentage proportion of the total African individuals who were shipped to America as slaves during 1619 to 1800s period were Muslims. Some of these people joined the main stream economic activities of America after being released from the slavery. Example: in 1819 Yarrow (Mamout) Marmood was the property owner and bank investor in Georgetown (currently a part of Washington). And in 1907 the first Muslim organization in America was founded by the Tatar immigrants from Poland, Russia and Lithuania (pp 56). The first American Islamic associati on was founded in Michigan in 1919. Consequently many immigrants were employed in manufacturing plants. The first American Islamic religious building known as the Mother Mosque was built in 1934 in Iowa (pp 57). Gradual growth and expansion of Muslim America community is explicit in these records. Currently Muslims are believed to form a considerable proportion of the American society. According to the Pew Research Center statistics Muslim population in America amounted 2,595,000 in 2010. This figure attributed to approximately 0.8percentag proportion of the total population in the same year in America. According to the same source the Muslim population in the country will reach 4,150,000 while forming 1.2percentage proportion of the total population by the year 2020. However some sources states that there are above 7 million Muslim individuals living in America currently. American government does not record religious statistics in the population census. Thus a statistical jargon is created. According to the book â€Å"Being Muslim in America† vast majority of the Muslim individuals living in America are of South Asian i.e. Pakistani and Arabian origin respectively. Approximately 34percentage and 26percentage proportion of the total Muslim American population belongs to the above two categories respectively (pp 9). Impacts of expanding the Muslim American population The impact of Muslim community on American socio-economic sphere is drastically increasing despite the said theological or statistical jargons (ZAHEDI, 2011). The growing significance is evident in the contemporary races related socio-economic issues occurring in the country. Muslim culture, believes and even proliferation seems to have impacts on the large society (Bayoumi, 2011). According to book â€Å"Being Muslim in America† book 25 percentage proportion of the Muslim American population belongs to the indigenous American category. Thus it can be inferred that rate of converting to Muslim religion by the individuals who were born in non-Muslim families is high. This trend seems to have hurt some religions’ leaders and political activists. Hatred, despise and discrimination is rapidly growing in contemporary American society towards the Muslim America

Dominant Groups Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dominant Groups - Essay Example Therefore, an individual that has a dominant attribute of any of these aspects becomes part of the dominant group. Dominant groups play a vital role in the establishment of identities among member of the society (Pearson highered). It is critical to understand dominance in the society since it is a vital aspect of community. Dominance has various repercussions in fields such as fashion, politics and other aspects of the society. Thus, understanding this concept will be vital in this discipline. Additionally, dominance influences human aspects such as sexuality significantly. Consequently, understanding this concept will provide us with vital insight into various issues pertaining to this society. Therefore, this concept is vital in understanding issue such as social classes and their influence on trends. Classism is a key component of sociology hence, studying dominance would enable an individual understand this component appropriately (Brantley et.al). Understanding dominance would enable us understand the problems which contribute lead to dominance. These factors include wealth, race, education and culture. Therefore, understanding how these factors contribute to dominance will enable us have a comprehensive view of this topic. Additionally, it will enable a student understand other social which surround dominance. Factor such as wealth, power, race, education and culture influence dominance subsequently relevant studies will reveal what the minority parties are doing to achieve the dominant status. Additionally, studying dominance would provide insight on how various social classes perceive each other. Understanding dominance would also expand our knowledge on the existing groups and their interaction. Combination of power and wealth will result in super dominant group. Therefore, studying how factors that determine dominance interact would be essential. In the American society, dominance has been maintained in various

Describe the reasons advanced to justify discrimination against Essay

Describe the reasons advanced to justify discrimination against Catholics and free African Americans in the United States until the Civil War. How did Nativists - Essay Example The discrimination against Irish Catholics lessened during and after the Civil War, but the discrimination against free African Americans during and after the Civil War increased. Before, during, and after the American Revolution up until the American Civil War Irish Catholics were discriminated against. The first reason for the discrimination was attitudes carried from Europe. Since the Reformation spread in England, resulting in Henry VII breaking off with the Pope, Protestants clashed with Catholics. Protestants were the majority of settlers and founders in the United States. The government, schools, and social aspect of the United States was built upon Protestant values. This attitude led to the discrimination against Irish Catholics. The second attitude concerned the Irish and English long standing dispute over the English rule in Ireland. These attitudes from the old world carried over into the new world. Religious differences also were used to justify discrimination against Irish Catholics. Protestants were frightened that the Pope would try and conquer or exert control over the newly formed United States if the Irish Catholics settled in the new land. For the Protestants practicing Catholicism meant disloyalty to the United States, due to a Catholic’s allegiance towards the Pope. The United States had just held a successful revolution against a king; they did not want to be subjects of another one. Even though this logic seemed far fetched, many Protestants feared Catholic domination. Finally, other ethnic groups wanting to fit in with the Protestants discriminated against the Irish Catholics in order to be more American. For example, German Protestants would discriminate against Irish Catholics to fit in better with the new Protestant society. It did not matter what ethnic group an individual was from in the United States, but whether or not the group

Amy Cuddy, TedTalk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Amy Cuddy, TedTalk - Essay Example We usually forget another important audience, influenced, mainly by our body language, and that is certainly ourselves. We are not only influenced by our body language our physiology and feelings but also our thoughts. Amy has researched on this issue extensively and has come up with an amazing maxim; fake it till you make it! Her study is based mostly on body language expressions of dominance and power. Amy narrates her experiences with MBA students, who really exhibit full range of body language. Some of the students come, get right in the middle of the classroom like they are occupying space. As they sit down, they are spread out, raising their hands. The other lot is virtually collapsing as they come in, its written all over their bodies and faces as they take their seats and continue making themselves small, even while raising their hands. These nonverbals have a close relationship with gender and the extent of participation and how good they were at it. Women most times feel that men are more powerful than them and thus exhibit nonverbals depicting their powerlessness. This gap in gender grade has been a struggle for business schools and although all students admitted are equally qualified, you realise differences in grades, which is partially attributed to participation. This is what led to Amy’s questioning whether it was possible to convince her students to fake cour age and thus lead to more participation from all. Thus Amy and her main collaborator at Berkeley, Dana Carney wanted to find out if one can fake it, till they make it. That is to say that you can practice this for some time and actually get to experience an outcome in behavior that makes one feel powerful. It is known that our body language governs how other persons may feel and think about us. Evidence exists to support this, but Amy’s and Dana’s question was whether our nonverbals control

Prostate Cancer Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Prostate Cancer - Annotated Bibliography Example The article goes further to suggest that physical activities are crucial at this point because they improve one’s psychological and physical well being. In addition, a physical activity intervened lifestyle slows or reverses a declined quality of life. This study suggests that no research so far has ever attempted to evaluate an improvement multiple QOL domain intervention in prostate cancer patients under androgen ablation therapy. The study used a randomized control trial design for active life after cancer to evaluate the efficiency of physical activities interventions in the improvement of QOL of patients under this therapy. In addition, a group of lifestyle program of a 6 month behavioral skill training group was compared to a standard care and educational support program. The objective of this study was to present baseline information that would exemplify the QOL of the chosen sample. The findings indicated that married participants were less psychologically distressed a s compared to those who were unmarried. The limitation to the study was that the researchers experienced challenges in recruiting the participants. This study is relevant to the case study presented because Massri needs to perform more physical activities in addition to his golf to improve his health status. He is lucky to be married to Aziza, hence; he is likely to be less psychologically and physically distressed. Hoyt, M.A., Stanton, A.L., Bower, J.E., KaMala S. T., Litwin, M.S., Breen, E.C. & Irwin, M.R. (2013). Inflammatory biomarkers and emotional approach coping in men with prostate cancer. Brain, Behavior and Immunity, 32, 173-179. doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2013.04.008 The objective of the above article was to establish whether emotion coping is connected with psychological and physical health outcome improvement. The study was specific to prostate cancer related stressors in comparison with previous research, which was characterized

Competitive analysis of a business firm Assignment

Competitive analysis of a business firm - Assignment Example Introduction The company selected for the project is Anheuser-Busch Companies, Inc. It is a brewing company of America and operates in 13 breweries in the country. The company is based in St. Louis, Missouri. Apart from packaging and brewing operations, the company also engages itself in agricultural operations, recycling operations as well as manages subsidiary owned property. The company supplies its products through a network that involves 500 independent wholesalers as well as 13 wholly state owned enterprises (Anheuser-Busch, 2012). The successful business organizations understand the purpose of value creation for the existing employees, customers and the investors. They are also aware that the interests of the groups are inter-related. Sustainable value should be created for all the three groups simultaneously. From the point of view of the customers, value creation means availability of products and services that are useful to them. From the perspective of the employees, value creation means treating all employees in a respectful fashion and involves themselves in the decision makings while value creation for the investors means obtaining high returns on their investments (Holland, 2001, p. 3). The mission of a certain company should be defined in terms of the primary value adding activities. Therefore, it is of utmost interests for the managers to devote time to analyze the dynamics of value creation. But managers tend to take decisions that systematically reduce the long term possibility of the firm to create value. They tend to define the interests of the organizations narrowly and this view was reinforced by the financial accounting systems (O'Malley, 1998). It is possible for business to create value in the following ways: reducing the transaction costs (for consumers / producers) reducing the costs of producers changing the perceptions of perceived benefits The firms offer some advantages where the transaction costs are lower. Market transactions i nvolve the use of real resources such as time and search costs as well as drawing up and enforcing contracts. Economies of scale can also crop us if the market transactions involve the use of real resources. The common ownership of the resources of production are sometimes less costly than a series of arrangements with independent contractors when there are specialized assets and expertise involved (Forbes, 2012). The factors driving value creation The history of the selected company is one of success as well as innovation. There has not been any real growth in the product market of the company in the time period under consideration in the graph above but the company faired particularly well in the stock market. In the last decade the domestic demand for beer went flat. The year 1996 marked the year where the company was able to create substantial value. In that year only 55 of the total produced in the company were sold outside United States. In the two year period of 1996 to 1998, the invested capital of the company grew by about 1.9 billion dollars. The enterpris3 value of the company grew by around 13.4 billion dollars (Arnold and Shockley, 2002, pp. 1-6). The estimated enterprise value of the company is shown in the graph below. The value of the company’s assets in place grew only slightly over the excess of capital invested. This indicates low growth of the existing market. The real value creation can be observed in the generation of 10 billion dollars worth of growth options for the company. In

Bill of Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bill of Rights - Essay Example I. Freedom of religion, speech or of the press; or peaceful assembly; right to seek redressal of grievances from government. II. Freedom to keep and bear arms. III. No house should be occupied by a soldier except with permission of owner. IV. People should be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures; warrants should be reasonable and issued upon probable cause and describe the person, place, papers and effects being seized. V. Indictment by grand jury, prohibition of double jeopardy; self incrimination application for due process of law. VI. In all criminal prosecutions, accused shall have a speedy trial by jury; be confronted with the witnesses against him; should compel witnesses’ attendance and have counsel to defend him. VII. In suits of value exceed twenty dollars, trial shall be by jury. VIII. Restraints against excessive bail and fines. IX. The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be constr ued to deny or disparage others retained by the people. X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. The Fifth Amendment provides for due process of law which means that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property at the whim of the government acting in an unreasonable manner. Secondly, it provides protection against self incrimination. This means that no person will be made to testify about something which may offer evidence against himself in a criminal case. The rule has evolved into new concepts of law. One such, known as the Miranda (1966) warnings mandate that a person about to be arrested or during the course of inquiry if he is a suspect should be made aware that what he will speak after that point shall be used as evidence against him and that he has a right to remain silent. It further provides that the person should be informed that he is en titled to legal counsel before speaking. Any confessional statement obtained during course of criminal proceedings without Miranda warnings would be inadmissible in evidence if used against the person. In Kirby (1972) it was held that criminal proceedings include formal charge, preliminary hearing, indictment or arraignment. Confession, an admission of guilt by a person is covered under the Fifth and Sixth Amendment. Fifth prohibits self incrimination and Sixth provides for legal counsel and applies after formal charges have been filed. In Fikes (1957) it was held that â€Å"in the totality of circumstances† the defendant did not exercise his â€Å"power of resistance† and the confession was held inadmissible. In Massiah (1964) it was held that statements made by defendant to a co-accused in absence of counsel could not be used against the defendant. The knowledge of the public regarding the Bill of Rights is very low. In general there is much â€Å"ignorance of the c ontent and meaning of the Bill of Rights† ( Patrick, 1988). The results of the survey reveal the above statement to be true. Though the population for the survey is small, the results match with bigger surveys. According to a survey, â€Å"Many more Americans remember that Michael Jackson sang "Beat It" than know that the Bill of Rights is part of the Constitution (N. D.). Another survey, however revealed that the right to worship as you

Patriarchy And Violence Against Women Essay Example for Free

Patriarchy And Violence Against Women Essay Author Charlotte Perkins Gilman in her The Man-made World or Our Androcentric Culture (1911) presents the most comprehensive statement of her overall theory. In it she argues that we live in a patriarchy or what she calls an androcentric, male-centered society and that our culture in all its aspects reflects this androcentric bias. Gilman sees this bias as destructive because the male sensitivity is destructive. A woman-centered, or better a mother-centered, world would be very different, because it would express the positive, benign character pf women’s sensitivities. In this work, and in His Religion and Hers, Gilman presents her most extreme statement of the radical differences between men and women. These differences she attributes to prehistoric roles assigned the two sexes. The male naturally fights, and naturally crows, triumphs over his rival and takes the prize—therefore, he was made male. Maleness means â€Å"war† (92) while the basic feminine impulse is to gather, to put together, to construct; the basic masculine impulse to scatter, to disseminate, to destroy† (114). A male-centered culture reflects these negative masculine concerns in nearly every area of expression. Some of Gilman’s most original contributions to feminist theory are contained in her discussion of the ideological warp impressed upon language, art, literature, sports, education, government and religion by the androcentric perspective. While public society is organized as a democracy, the man-made home remainsâ€Å"despotism. † â€Å"The male is esteemed the ‘head of the family’; it belongs to him; he maintains it; and the rest of the world is a wide hunting ground and battlefield wherein he competes with other males as of old† (41). In the â€Å"proprietary family† of the patriarchate, women remain men’s property in the household; they are little more than objects whose purpose is â€Å"first and foremost†¦ a means of pleasure to him† (32). Every law and custom† of the â€Å"family relation† is arranged from the masculine viewpoint (35). â€Å"From this same viewpoint†¦ comes the requirement that the woman shall serve the man. † (35). A greater challenge occurs when campaigns to improve gender equality by promoting the well-being of the marginalized are conducted in sync with trade and development policies that favor the economically strong multinationals and compromise the welfare of the lowly locals, particularly the helpless women and children. We ought to remember that sexism and patriarchy are all manifestations of a power struggle between the strong and the weak, the same kind of struggle linked to globalization and trade liberalization today. Patriarchy involves an imbalance of power between man and woman leading to unequal roles and benefits, a situation that can be seen in a larger context between the developing and the industrialized economies, as the latter’s efforts to spread globalization and to weaken the former’s trade laws also leads to unequal gains. Globalization’s capitalistic intent, although beneficial in several ways since it brings development to poorer states, may be cultural imperialism dressed in new clothes when the more powerful party uses its stronger bargaining authority to manipulate or exploit. (Gilman) â€Å"In no developing region do women experience equality with men. † This clear-cut statement from the World Bank, the reputed international monetary institution, relays one of the most apparent yet often overlooked realities of our time—gender inequality. Gender inequality is a significant social concern that deserves to be analyzed with the utmost diligence using both empirical and scholastic evidences. This inequality is deeply entangled in the fabric of the everyday lives of many men and women, and it has been in existence since time immemorial. Gender inequality, from its very name, implies an uneven treatment based on one’s gender. Essentially, gender inequality is the prejudice that one gender, usually the female, is secondary and subordinate to the more capable and hence superior male gender. Many societies practice gender inequality, with the men reinforcing it and the women passively receiving it, because it is considered part of an enduring patriarchal culture. Deviating from this norm means that one runs the risk of being branded a weak husband or a bad, undeserving wife. Both cases are an embarrassment to the individual and the family. The causes and effects of gender inequality are part of a larger network of social problems that compound the difficulties people face everyday. It is deeply related to other social problems, such as poverty, economic growth and development, and globalization. The World Bank (2001) underscored the notion that gender issues are now more prominent in debates related to development, though the relevance of a gendered perspective in policy-making is yet to be widely understood. Thus, based from its report, gender inequality ought to be considered when drafting developmental policies for poor and developing states because failing to take into account gender roles and relations as well as disparities lead to policies that â€Å"have limited effectiveness† (p. 5). Although gender disparity is characteristic of developing and poor states, it is not restricted to them. This phenomenon is also observed in wealthier and developed regions where both men and women are relatively affluent and do not experience scarcity of resources. In these rich societies, minor but noticeable gender-based discrimination remains. â€Å"Gender discrimination crosses races, classes and ethnicity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  remarks Lucy Bednarek (1998, p. 60) in her article, â€Å"Searching for Equality in a Global Economy. Compared to the gender gap in these wealthier states, gender inequality in poor states poses graver consequences to its citizens. The devalued women and their children feel the pangs of poverty and bear the heavier brunt of economic unproductivity with greater intensity, compared with the men who possess greater freedom, privilege, and economic and political control. As stated by the UN (2004) in Trade and Gender, â€Å"A gendered perspective of development is seen as a difficult enough task,† so that extending the gendered approach to the â€Å"realm of trade† is considered to be an even bigger challenge (55). Yet the organization believes that international trade must assume a gendered approach wherein accelerated economic growth and sustainable development will take place without endangering the well-being of the women and children in the community. The issue of trade has become so important in the consideration of gender equality because the current multilateral trade negotiation and regional trade agreements (RTAs) have pervaded state development policies. Because of these ubiquitous bi- and multilateral negotiations and agreements, governments do not just make decisions solely for the state but also according to the dictates of the global and regional environment or the overall plan of their affiliated economic groups. This environment therefore affects policies on gender; for the UN (2004, 56), â€Å"Every major move in the trading system can have direct or indirect implications for a country’s gender welfare, equity and development goals. † The crime of rape and other forms of violence against women have come into increasing focus in recent years, due in part to the rising prominence of the feminist movement. Rape has come to be widely perceived not only as a means of obtaining sexual gratification but rather as an extreme manner of expressing hostility to women. This broader definition of the term is related to the heightened awareness that far more often than not sexual aggression occurs within the context of courtship or friendship relationships (called â€Å"acquaintance rape† or â€Å"date rape†) or even that of marriage. The recognition that the forms of coercion used by men over women can go beyond direct and overt use of force brings legal theory closer to reality. However, some scholars fear that expanding conceptualization of rape and the imprecise definition of sexual harassment serve to blur the distinction between the sexes, especially between the expanded conceptualization of rape and male initiated seduction. These problems in defining behavior can exacerbate the difficulty in obtaining rape convictions from male jurors who may perceive an uncomfortable similarity between some of their own past actions and those of a defendant in such cases. Clearly, there is heightened sensitivity to the problems of rape and sexual harassment that will lead to accelerated efforts in legal and legislative policy formation. Reflecting this heightened sensitivity is the $1. 6 billion in the 1994 Crime Bill to fund Violence against Women Act. The challenge is to fight rape and harassment in all their forms while protecting the rights of women.

Project Plan To British Airport Authority Construction Essay

Project Plan To British Airport Authority Construction Essay This report is aimed at producing an effective project plan to British Airport Authority (BAA) using Heathrow terminal 5 as a case study. The methodology used in this project is the problem solving approach where a major problem is identified, the possible solution to the problem is analysed and the best solution for the implementation of the project is recommended. In producing this plan, a major problem of airport congestion was identified and an option appraisal was carried using the SWOT tool to determine whether the proposed project plan was worth doing, the projects scope, definitions and deliverables were clearly stated. Some assumption, considerations and constraints had to be made to assist the project team consulted for this project in understanding and delivering the plan effectively. The projects critical factors, measurable targets dependencies and resource requirements were outlined in this report. Also a detailed cost estimate was done for the allocated budget. Microsoft project package was used to prepare and produce a Gantt chart including a work breakdown structure for each task identifying the major milestones. A communication and risk plan is also included in this report to ensure a smooth implementation of the project plan. Finally this report recommends time duration for the project and a sustainability framework. INTRODUCTION This is a detailed report based on the project plan presentation made by group 5 project consultants to British Airport Authority (BAA) on the 14th of December 2009. The problem solving approach was used in this project plan using BAA terminal 5 as a case study. This report identifies and addresses the problem of passenger and airline congestion in Heathrows existing terminal. In order to fully understand this report, the project background and rational would be discussed in the following section. 1.1 Background Heathrow located in the London borough of Hillingdon was initially a private airport with one grass runway used to assemble and test aircrafts. During World War II, the land occupied by this private airport was acquired by the government to build a Royal Air Force (RAF) Heston Aerodrome which was an army surplus tent small grass airfield. In 1946 it was handed over to Air ministry as Londons new civil airport. Due to the closure of the old terminal on the North side by 1961, airlines either operated from the Europa terminal or the oceanic terminal which handled long haul carriers (now terminal 2 and 3 respectively). Terminal 1 was opened in 1969 by which time about 5 million passengers were passing through the airport travelling from Heathrow to and from all parts of the world (British Airport Authority 2009). The demand for air travel and increased congestion in the central area further created the need for the development of terminal 4 in 1986. As at 2006, Heathrow owned and operated by British Airports Authority (BAA) can boast of nearly 1.4 billion commuters over 14 million flights (British Airport Authority 2009). It is UKs only international network hub airport. As traffic of commuters increased Heathrow Airport is faced with an ever increasing demand for passenger facilities and capacity constraint which has lead to frequent flight delays. This need has further lead to the construction of terminal 5. Terminal 5 is said to be a passenger terminal and associated facilities that would complement Heathrows existing terminals The planning and building of a new terminal (Exciteh 2009), presents a distinctive challenge compared to the construction of any other structure. Building this new terminal would expand Heathrows capacity to accommodate the rapidly increasing number of passengers, improve the safety and security of air transport, introduce high quality facilities, and increase the status of the British airport worldwide. The new Heathrow terminal 5 would be a gateway between the UK and the world. Group 5, is a project management consultancy team based in Aberdeen. This team has been retained as project consultants by BAA to produce a project plan for the successful delivery of her terminal 5 project at its very best. This report shows explicitly all the steps and phases required to produce the final deliverable (the project plan). 1.2 Project Rationale Heathrow is synonymous with international travel and is one of the UKs most significant fiscal assets. As a two runway and four terminal airports in 2005, it is one of the worlds leading airports in terms of passenger and airline capacity. If Heathrow continues to operate within its existing limits, it is forecasted that the airport will handle 87 million passengers a year by 2015 and thereafter 90-95 million passengers a year (Heathrow airport interim master plan 2005). With such an increase in the yearly passenger travel a new terminal is inevitable. Over the years, these existing terminals could accept more traffic because of the implementation of risk reduction measures. However, the continual congestion in Heathrows terminals may reach a condition such that it cannot be said with confidence that these terminals will continue to be safe. However, since the airline industry is a peoples industry without passengers the industry will not thrive. So the objective to build a structure that would stand the test of time and serve its millions of prospective customers thereby reducing congestion cannot be over emphasized. 2.0 PROJECT BUSINESS CASE The development of a business case to all intents and purposes is to gain support, commitment and eventually approval from the top management. The Business Case depicts the reasons for undertaking for the project, based on the estimated costs of the project, the risks and the expected business benefits and savings (APM 2006). The business case highlights the justification for the project. Reports by BAA (2009) shows that Heathrow runway operates at 95% capacity compared to 75% of its major European competitors. This congestion has lead to increased delay, lower resilience and fewer destinations served. Statistics taken from the UK Parliamentary office of Science and Technology (2000) and Airport council International (2008) shown in the table below portrays a rising trend in Heathrows passenger capacity from 1978 2008. Year 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 No. of Passengers (million) 45.4 49.2 50.4 50.7 51.1 53.7 59.4 61.6 Year 1986 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 No. of Passenger (million) 66.3 76.3 82.3 87.1 89.9 84.3 94.6 100.2 Year 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 No. of passengers (million) 109.2 115.6 120.7 130.7 142.2 150.9 64.61 60.74 Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 No. of passengers 63.34 63.49 67.34 67.92 67.53 68.07 67.06 Figure 2.1 Average passenger capacity (Adopted from UK Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (2000) and Airport Council International (2008) To further explain the table above is a graphical representation of the passenger capacity plotted against years. Figure 2.2 Graph showing increasing passenger trend (Adopted from UK Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (2000) and Airport Council international (2008)) GRAPH ANALYSIS The statistics used for this graph shows all fights into Heathrow airport for terminals 1 to 4. From year 1998 to 2000 there was quite a steady rise in the number of passengers passing through Heathrow. From year 2001 to 2009 Heathrow experienced a decline in airline and passenger capacity. This could be attributed to the global economic situation in many parts of the world and the threat to aviation from international terrorism. On the other hand with the UK economy gradually coming out of this recession there is an expected rise in the number of aviation travel. 2.1 Available options for addressing the opportunity Option Appraisal An option appraisal to determine the best means to achieve the project objectives was done. In carrying out an option appraisal, a need and a cost benefit is first carried out, then objectives are set and options are created and reviewed (Department of Treasure UK 2009). An option appraisal is a decision making technique that identifies the project objectives and explores other alternatives for attaining these objectives. It determines whether the proposal is worth doing and clearly communicates conclusions and recommendation. After a critical analysis a preferred option was taken and used in establishing this project plan. The approach for this project plan also incorporates the traditional project management concept which breaks the project into the various life cycle phases. The three major options identified for this project is as shown below; 2.2 OPTION 1 Do Nothing This option is the base option it involves not embarking on the project. If chosen it may result in undesirable and increasing risks to air passengers due to airport congestion. 2.3 OPTION 2 Expansion of the existing terminals Measures could be taken to expand current terminals including runways to accommodate the increase. However carrying out an expansion work on the existing terminals, would be quite challenging on airlines and passengers. This would require a temporal closure of some of the terminals which may lead to potential loss of customers as they would seek alternative routes. In addition, this approach may leave current structures with minimum factor of safety and do little to improve the deficiencies and congestion in current airport. 2.4 OPTION 3 Construct a new terminal In this option constructing a new terminal of the anticipated capacity would mean that the new terminal would be constructed to expand the operations of older terminals and can potentially replace them. A SWOT analysis for this option was carried out. 2.5 SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis is a technique used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats involved in the project. This method involves specifying the project objectives and identifying the internal and external factors (Nigel and William 2002) that could stop or improve the success of those objectives. The environmental factors internal to the firm are classified as strength and weakness while the external factors are classified as opportunities and threats. These terms are further explained below: Strengths Strengths could either be a positive tangible or intangible attribute and they are usually within the organisations control. Weakness These are the areas that project needs to improve on. They can be considered as the projects fault or disadvantage that might prevent them from attaining their goals. Opportunities Opportunities propel an organisation. These factors represent the reason for the project or business to exist and develop. Opportunities are beneficial and may assists to negate threat. Threats Threats are factors beyond the organisations control which could result in project failure. The SWOT Matrix for this project is as shown in Appendix 1. Furthermore a cost estimate is also carried out to determine the preferred option 2.6 Cost Estimate 3.0 PROJECT DEFINITION James P. Lewis defined project as a onetime job that has defined starting and ending dates, a clearly specified objective, or scope to be performed, a pre-defined budget, and usually a temporary organization that is dismantled once the project is complete. For this project the objectives and scope are explained below. 3.1 Goals and Objectives Project objectives as defined by Westland (2007) are statements describing in more details what it is that the project will achieve. It is the desired outcome of the project. Unclear objectives could result in conflict when information is not adequately understood. The objectives of this project plan include the following: To supplement Heathrows other existing terminals to accommodate her increasing customer base and increase the airport current capacity by 30% BAA (2009) To reinforce Heathrows position as Europes principal intercontinental hub To provide excellent customer service and travelling experience to her highly esteemed customers 3.2 Statement of the Project Scope The project scope can be defined as the specific and overall definition of what the projects end result should accomplish (Briggs 2009). It specifies what work is included and excluded in a project perhaps defining in effect the boundaries of the project (Carmichael 2004). 3.2.1 Scope The scope of this project is as follows: An effective project plan for the successful delivery of BAAs Heathrow Terminal 5 project Recommendation of a sustainable development plan for the new terminal 3.2.2 Scope Exclusions Exclusions are done in order to avoid misunderstandings they spell out what the project wont do. The following are the exclusions considered in developing this project plan The project plan would not include the conceptual design of the project The effects of inflation on budgeted cost would not be included The project plan does not include obtaining the necessary permits and authorization documents The project plan does not include the ground rules to be adopted during the implementation of the project plan 3.3 Project Deliverables A deliverable is any unique and verifiable product, result or capability to perform a service that is identified in the project management planning documentation, and must be produced and provided to complete the project (PMBOK 2004). It can also be described as the output of the project during the project and at the end. According to PMBOK (2008) there are four generic life cycle phases for a project. However since this is a mega project, five distinct phases have been identified for efficient planning. For this project, the key deliverables are grouped into the various project life cycle phases as shown in the diagram below: Fig 3.1 Project Life cycle diagram showing the deliverables The life cycle for this project is made up of the conception, planning, execution and control, completion/handover and post project review. These phases are further explained below. Conception phase This is the birth phase of any project in which the scope of the project is defined along with the methodology for delivering project desired outputs. Planning Phase This is the phase where all the plans required to deliver the project objectives and scope is done. This phase is characterized by breaking down the project into smaller more manageable work packages. Execution/ Monitoring phase This is the implementation phase of the project where work towards direct achievement of the projects objectives and the production of the projects deliverables take place (APMBOK 2006).This phase also involves monitoring and control. This involves recording, analysing and reporting project performance and comparing it to the planned performance in order to identify and report deviations as well as develop targets and plans. Completion/Handover Phase This is the project exit phase and the formal orderly end point of a project, either because it has been completed or because it has been terminated early (PMBOK 2004). Post project Review In this phase the lessons learned are reviewed. Below is a detailed explanation of the various deliverables at each project phase, their targets, dependencies and resource requirements. Description of Deliverables Project phase Deliverable Brief Description, targets, dependency and resource requirement Conception Business case This is a document that describes the project justification Target: Approval of top management Dependency:Project objective Resource Requirement:Project client or sponsor Project Initiation document (PID) Project initiation document is a statement of the scope, objectives and participants in a project. It defines the authority of the project manager and roles and responsibilities of project stakeholders. Target: Dependency: Resource requirement:project manager Planning Responsibility matrix It is a tool used to assign tasks relating to each project activity in the Work breakdown structure. It indicates clearly the role and responsibility of each project player Target:roles and responsibility of project players Dependency:work breakdown structure Resource requirement: Project manger Work breakdown structure (WBS) It is a hierarchical decomposition of the project into smaller elements or deliverables called work packages thereby allowing for effective management and control of project scope and objectives (PMBoK 2008). Target: work packages in relation to project objectives Dependencies: Project scope and deliverables Resource requirement: Project manager and input from project team Gantt chart This is a Microsoft project tool that illustrates the project schedule. It is a useful tool in planning, predicting and deciding how resources are used to achieve time and cost goals. Target:Project schedule and project resource requirements. Dependency:Work breakdown structure Resource requirement:Project manager Risk matrix This is a plan used in assessing risk Categories their probability of occurrence and the impact on the project it also highlights controls identified to mitigate the risks. Target: Dependency:Risk assessment Resource requirement;project team Execution/ control phase Completion/ handover Certificate of practical completion (CPC) it is a certificate handed over to the project manager after the project has been completed and has been certified to meet clients and stakeholders requirement. Target:client satisfaction Dependency:Project completion Resource requirement: project owner Lessons learned it is a documentation of all lessons learned in course of executing the project and is kept for future references in order to prevent pitfalls in the execution of similar projects in future. Target;should clearly highlight lessons learned from the project. Dependencies: project completion and client satisfaction Resource requirement: Project manager 3.4 Critical Success Factors The primary objectives of any project being completed within the specified cost, time and good performance are not the only determinants of a successful project. These primary objectives can identify immediate contribution to profit (kerzner 2006) but will not identify if the project has been properly managed. These success factors can be seen as value enhancing practises (VEP). The following are some required factors that will determine the success of BAAs Heathrow terminal 5 project (HT5): Clearly established project goals and procedures Strong support and shared vision from BAAs top management Satisfaction of the various groups of stakeholders with minimum or mutually agreed upon scope changes. The contracting strategy employed would enable suppliers focus on delivery Excellent teamwork and good communication among key players to align and convey objectives The use of standard project management methodologies, tools and techniques. For example monitoring and change management practices should be employed to identify and resolve problems early Availability of technological expertise and equipment 3.5 Critical Project Barriers Unlike risks, critical project barriers are overwhelming issues that can be critical to a projects plan. Should any of these events occur the project plan would become invalid. In this project, the following are possible critical barriers: Removal of project funding Occurrence of force majeure e.g. natural disasters or acts of war 4.0 PROJECT CONSTRAINTS CONSIDERATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS According to APM Body of knowledge (2006), constraints are issues that could cause a delay or restrictions that would affect the project; considerations are the key elements required to have a binding contract; and assumptions are statements that will be taken for granted as fact and upon which the project business case will be justified. 4.1 Constraints In an airport environment, height limitations are placed to avoid interference with the airport radar systems and this could affect the project team during construction. Logistics challenge due to condensed site area. Ecological constraints and the landscape of the area to support such a project Permit, licensing or consent approvals could take a long time to be obtained considering the sensitive nature of this project Health and safety of the project team and locals during and after construction due to pollution Legal requirements of the construction regulation and environmental act 4.2 Considerations There could be potential changes to the structure in future so provision would be made available for that in the project design. Satisfaction of the projects large and diverse group of stake holders. 4.3 Assumptions BAA the project sponsor and client will accept the project plan offered by this consultant team All project participants will abide by the guideline identified within this plan All necessary approvals have been obtained The time frame for the project is 10 years Management will ensure that the project team is available as at when required to complete project tasks. All project participants will abide by the guideline identified within this plan The required resources are available, and the estimated budget would be adequate for the project Inflation would be constant throughout the period of the project 5.0 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PLAN A project development plan defines the phases that connect the beginning of a project to its end (PMBOK 2004). Because projects have a beginning and an end, there is a logical sequence of activities or tasks to accomplish projects objectives. This sequence of activities leads to the Work Breakdown Structure 5.1 Work Breakdown Structure Work breakdown structure is defined as a way in which a project may be divided by level into discrete groups for programming, cost planning and control purposes (APMBOK 2006). It acts as a control and monitoring tool in any project and also shows full clarity and understanding of the project scope. The work breakdown structure for this project is shown in appendix 2. 5.2 Gantt Chart The Gantt chart is used in scheduling the work breakdown structure. It is a useful tool in planning, predicting and deciding how resources are used to achieve time and cost goals. It is a type of bar chart used to represent when activities are being carried out or when resources are required. It uses time lines and other symbols to illustrate multiple time-based activities of a project on a horizontal time scale (Carmichael 2004). The Gantt chart for this project is as shown in appendix 3 6.0 Project Organisation and Management Project organizational structure clarifies the makeup of the project board and teams. It identifies the roles and responsibility of the various stakeholders involved in the project. Lock (2007) defined stakeholders as the people and organizations who affect, or will be affected by the project. Stakeholders can be grouped into primary and secondary stakeholders. The principal/primary stakeholders stand to make profit or loss from the project while the secondary stakeholders are non profit making stakeholders. The following are the stakeholders for the HT5 project. Primary Stakeholders Her Majesties Government British Airport Authority (BAA) British Airways (BA) Local Authorities Major contractors Suppliers Project managers Project team Secondary Stakeholders Sub-contractors Local communities Non-Governmental Organisations Employees of Heathrow airport Regulatory Authorities Customers 6.1 Project Structure The diagram shown in Appendix 4 depicts the project organisation structure. 6.2 Roles and Responsibilities Roles and responsibilities needs to be clearly defined among the project team to avoid conflict. The responsibility charts clarifies the duties of each persons involved in the project .The roles and responsibilities table for this project is as shown in Appendix 5. 6.3 Project Approach/Methodology The methodology for managing the implementation of this project plan for BAA Heathrow terminal 5 is the problem-oriented approach. With this approach, a major problem is identified, the cause and the possible solution to the problem and finally a best solution for implementation recommended. For this project, the problem identified was the congestion of passengers and airline capacity constrain which lead to the decision to construct a new terminal in Heathrow. 6.4 Project Controls Lewis (2001) described project control to be the process of comparing where you are and where you are supposed to be so that corrective action can be taken when there is a deviation from target The project manager will monitor and control the project on a daily basis ensuring that issues are properly resolved. The steering committee shall meet at the completion of each milestone as indicated on the Gantt chart, to ensure that no previous issues are carried over and that quality has not been compromised in any form. 6.5 Project Communication In any successful project, there must be a continuous need for communication to issue directives, solve problems, make decisions, resolve conflicts and keep everyone supplied with the required information (Burke 2003). According to Westland (2007) the communication plan identifies the type of information to be distributed to stakeholders (what), the methods of distributing the information (How), the frequency of the distribution (when) and the responsibilities of each person in the project team for distributing the information (who). For this project, the communication plan as shown in appendix 6 is divided into the external and internal communication for the following stakeholders: Project sponsor Project team Steering committee Local community General public 7.0 Project Risk Management Project risk is defined as the cumulative effect of the chances of uncertain occurrences which will adversely affect project objectives. It is the degree of exposure to negative events and their probable consequences. Project risk is characterized by three factors: risk event, risk probability and the amount at stake (PMBOK 2004) Project risk management is a structured process that allows individual risk events and overall project risk to be understood and managed proactively, optimising project success by minimising threats and maximising opportunities (APMBOK 2006). In order words risk management is an approach of identifying, assessing and controlling risk that occurred during the project life cycle 7.1 Project Risk Assessment Issues of risk (uncertainties) cannot be over emphasized. It must be properly identified, analysed and mitigated. The political, technical, financial, environmental and sociological aspects are the key factors that were considered during the risk assessment. For this project, the probabilities of risks occurrence were classified as: 1 Almost impossible to occur 2 Slight tendency of occurrence 3 Likelihood of occurrence 4 Expected possibility of occurrence 5 Extreme possibility of occurrence And the risks impacts were classified as:   1 Little or no impact and work will continue 2 Slight impact but work will continue 3 Limited Impact but could slow down activity and extend completion date 4 Significant impact and could result in the project standstill 5 Massive impact and could result in termination of project The risk breakdown structure and risk identification mapping for this project is as shown in Appendix 7 and 8 respectively. 7.2 Risk Mitigation and Control The process of lowering the probability of a risk occurrence or reducing its effect or impact should it occur in a project is project risk mitigation and control. To be able to mitigate and control risk, we classified the resulting risk indices into three categories using the colour coding as shown below: Colour Coding Red: High Risk (18 25) Yellow: Medium Risk (11 16) Green: Low Risk (1 10) For this project, the risk assessment matrix is as shown in Appendix 9 8.0 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT BAAs sustainability development policy sets a context for improving its environmental performance. This recommendation will look at the following: noise, air, water and the building. AIR Aviation is one of the fastest growing sources of the UKs carbon emissions. It currently represents 6.4 % of the UKs CO2 emissions or 13% of the total climate change. For an important and massive project like the Terminal 5, the following should be considered; Air quality should be weighted on the overall balance of costs and benefits An elaborate air quality computer modelling should be done around major vicinity where the Terminal will be located and around the local areas. Pollutants to model should include but not limited to NO2, PM10 ,Ozone and CO2 The benefit of another runway will surely be of great benefit to the UK Government as facts below states; Benefit to the UK economy of mixed mode at Heathrow is  £2.5 bill

Suicide In Our Society :: essays research papers

Suicide In Our Society   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once every minute someone tries to commit suicide. Sixty or seventy times a day these attempts succeed.( Earl A. Grollman, Suicide: Prevention, Intervention, Postvention, Boston: Beacon Press, 1988, p.4) Unlike what many want to believe, suicide can happen to anyone regardless of race, age or sex. News reports, books and the internet all point in the same direction. We are undergoing a breakdown in our social roles, and suicide is the result.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first ever recorded talk of suicide was in 2000 B.C., when a man says that his life is filled with pain and suffering and he is contemplating taking his own life. Although attitudes toward suicide have changed over the years, it has not ceased to happen. The first suicide prevention Centre didn't come until almost 4000 years later. In 1774, England created the first Centre to try to prevent attempted suicides.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Suicide prevention isn't happening until it's too late. One high school, in a small town in Quebec, had four suicides in seven weeks. After these had happened, the school invited parents in to discuss suicide prevention. (CTV News 11:00 p.m. January 6, 1997.) These might have been able to be prevented if communities would assume their roles and discuss it on a regular basis and not have suicide be a word that is whispered but never spoken.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The myth that those who talk about suicide will never actually go through with it is completely false. Most people who do kill themselves give some sort of clue before doing so. It may be something very subtle such as â€Å"I wonder where my father keeps his gun† or they might just come right out and say â€Å" I would rather die then go on living this way.† What ever it is everyone should know how to recognize when someone is feeling suicidal and get help to them right away. Suicide can be prevented if noticed at an early enough stage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Suicidal feelings can be brought upon someone by many different situations. Someone with a terminal illness may not see a reason to continue a short life of pain, when they think they'll die soon anyway. Economical stress hurts more then just your wallet, someone may feel that they are a failure and that may bring suicidal feelings. The death of a loved one or the breakdown of a family can also cause these feelings. Because someone may fall in to one of these categories doesn't mean that they are suicidal, but all hints should be taken seriously. A cry for help needs help from a professional helper.

Vineyard provinces of Iran Essay -- Agriculture, Grape Production

Grape berry moth, Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff. is one of the most important pests of grape vine in most parts of the country. Losses caused by larval feeding leads to disrupted plant activities, reduction in flower buds and ultimately decreased quality and quantity of the crop. In order to study seasonal flight activity of Lobesia botrana and to determine spraying time, experiments were conducted for two consecutive years at two different orchards in Sissakht region in 1999-2000. The seasonal flight of Lobesia botrana was investigated by using pheromone traps and collecting samples from eggs, larva and pupa stages of the pest. The results showed that Lobesia botrana has three generations with an incomplete 4th in the region. Damage of first and forth generation is very low. The grape vine fruits can be mainly damaged by the second and third generation of Lobesia botrana that will happen about ten days after the adult emergency. Regarding to the results, spraying should be done duri ng two weeks from 9th Lobesia botrana for the next year. Key Words: Lobesia botrana, Population dynamics, Pheromone traps, spraying. Introduction Grape is one of the major economical products in Iran. Kohkiluyeh-Va-Boyer- Ahmad has been long one of the Vineyard provinces of Iran. According to statistics of 2005, there was 1900 hectares under cultivation (700 hectares of sapling and 1200 hectares of fruitful trees) with the production of 1250 metric ton, an average of 12500 Kg per hectare [5, 7]. The vineyards of Kohkiluyeh-Va-Buyer-Ahmad are mostly in the counties of Buyer-Ahmad, Sissakht (Dena) and Kohkiluyeh [10]. Lobesia botrana is one of the most important pest causing serious damages to vineyards in Iran and around the world. In some years, ... ... – 11, May 13 – 18, May End of 2nd gen 26, May – 5, June 25, May – 4, June Start of 2nd gen. 5 – 12, June 4 – 11, June Fly climax of 2nd gen. 19 – 26, June 18 – 25, June End of 2nd gen 17 – 31, July 13 – 28, July Start of 3rd gen. 31, July – 11, August 28, July – 13, August Fly climax of 3rd gen. 20 – 27, August 22 – 29, August End of 3rd gen 3 – 9, September 6 – 16, September Start of 4th gen. 9 – 16 September 16 – 24, September Figure 1. Population dynamics vine moth in Sissakhat region (plain) 2007-2008 Figure2. Population dynamics vine moth in Sissakhat region (Mountain). 2007-2008 Figure 3a. Fluctuation curve daily Min and Max temperature (Celsius). 2007 Figure 3b. Fluctuation curve daily Min and Max temperature (Celsius). 2008 Figure 4. Exit trend adults overwintering in laboratory conditions (2008). References :

Good Readers and B

Good Readers are Re-Readers 1. The introduction ends after the first paragraph. The method of introduction that Vladimir Nabokov uses is using interesting quotes to reel the reader in. 2. The thesis is that to be a good writer, you must be a good reader. This has no real location in the writing, because it is not directly said. This makes the thesis implicit. 3. The author’s tone in this piece sounds very critical of writers at the beginning, but near the end his tone becomes just instructive instead. 4. The rhetorical devices Nabokov uses are plentiful in the section.He uses point of view, compare and contrast, rhetorical questions, metania, and amplification of the word reader and writer. 5. Passages that capture my attention and arouse reaction would be the third paragraph (because of its skepticism and amount of rhetorical questions), the fourth paragraph (because of its contrast of minor and real authors), the seventh (because it says what characteristics a good reader mu st have), and the third from last one (because of the other things a write should be, and the contrast between minor and major writers). . According to Nabokov, a good writer is one that is a good reader. He must also create a whole new world in his work, ponder how the mind works, and be an inventor, a storyteller, a teacher, and an enchanter. 7. The author’s organization is when describing one aspect of being a good reader or writer, it somehow ties into the topic of the next paragraph. This is how he connects the different parts. 8.Even though there is no real conclusion to the essay, the author wraps it up by explaining the four keys to being a good author. 9. Nabokov uses humor in the essay to keep the readers attention. Examples would be when he explains the good-reader list and explaining that experiment and the examples of the boy who cried wolf. 10. Vladimir Nabokov mentions that he was on a lecture tour, which means he is an admired professor. This gives you some cr edibility in your mind.But, he also uses point of view, which means that the things he is saying is not the end all and be all characteristics of good readers and writers. 11. From reading this essay my reaction is more from an educational standpoint than one of emotion. I learn that that to be a good writer, I must be a good reader. I like how Vladimir is skeptical and a little cynical like myself. I also liked how he used some fluff, but it wasn’t enough where I was bored. I was entertained throughout the essay.

Climax and Anticlimax

1. The meaning of climax and anticlimax The Greek word climax means â€Å"ladder†; the Latin gradatio means â€Å"ascent, climbing up†. In climax we deal with strings of synonyms or at least semantically related words belonging to the same thematic group. [4, p. 155] According to Efimov L. P. , climax (or Gradation) – is the figure of unequality, which consists in arranging the utterance so that each subsequent component of it increases significance, importance or emotional tension of narration. [1, p. 69] Galperin I. R. iews climax as an arrangement of sentences (or of the homogeneous parts of one sentence) which secures a gradual increase in significance, importance, or emotional tension in the utterance, as in: â€Å"It was a lovely city, a beautiful city, a fair city, a veritable gem of a city. † or in: â€Å"Ne barrier wall, ne river deep and wide, Ne horrid crags, nor mountains dark and tall Rise like the rocks that part Hispania's land from Gaul. à ¢â‚¬  (Byron) Gradual increase in emotional evaluation in the first illustration and in significance in the second is realized by the distribution of the corresponding lexical items.Each successive unit is perceived as stronger than the preceding one. Of course, there are no objective linguistic criteria to estimate the degree of importance or significance of each constituent. It is only the formal homogeneity of these component parts and the test of synonymy in the words ‘lovely', ‘beautiful', ‘fair,' ‘veritable gem, in the first example and the relative inaccessibility of the barriers ‘wall', ‘river', ‘crags', ‘mountains' together with the epithets ‘deep and wide† ‘horrid', ‘dark and tall' that make us feel the increase in importance of each. 1, p. 220] 2. Different types of climax A gradual increase in significance may be maintained in three ways: logical, emotional and quantitative. Logical climax is based on the relative importance of the component parts looked at from the point of view of the concepts embodied in them. This relative importance may be evaluated both objectively and subjectively, the author's attitude towards the objects or phenomena in question being disclosed. Thus, the following paragraph from Dickens's â€Å"Christmas Carol† shows the relative importance in the uthor's mind of the things and phenomena described: â€Å"Nobody ever stopped him in the street to say, with gladsome looks, ‘My dear Scrooge, how are you? When will you come to see me? ‘ No beggars imgjored him to bestow a trifle, no children asked Jiim what it -was o'clock, no man or woman ever once in all his life inquired the way to such and such a place, of Scrooge. Even the blind men's dogs appeared to know him, and when they saw him coming on, would tug their owners into doorways and up courts; and then would wag their tails, as though they said, ‘No eye at all is better tha n an evil eye, dark master! † The order of the statements shows what the author considers the culmination of the climax. The passage by Dickens should be considered â€Å"subjective†, because there is no general recognition of the relative significance of the statements in the paragraph. The climax in the lines from Byron's â€Å"Ne barrier†¦ † may be considered â€Å"objective† because such things as ‘wall', ‘river', ‘crags', ‘mountains' are objectively ranked according to their accessibility. Emotional climax is based on the relative emotional tension produced by words with emotive meaning, as in the first example with the words ‘lovely', ‘beautiful', ‘fair'.Of course, emotional climax based on synonymous strings of words with emotive meaning will inevitably cause certain semantic differences in these words — such is the linguistic nature of stylistic synonyms—, but emotive meaning will be the prevailing one. Emotional climax is mainly found in sentences, more rarely in longer syntactical units. This is natural. Emotional charge cannot hold long. As becomes obvious from the analysis of the above examples of climatic order, the arrangement of the component parts calls for parallel construction which, being a kind of syntactical repetition, is frequently accompanied by lexical repetition.Here is another example of emotional climax built on this pattern: â€Å"He was pleased when the child began to adventure across the floors on hand and knees; he was gratified, when she managed the trick of balancing herself on two legs; he was delighted when she first said ‘ta-ta'; and he was rejoiced when she recognized him and smiled at him. † (Alan Paton) Finally, we come to quantitative climax. This is an evident increase in the volume of the corresponding concepts, as in: â€Å"They looked at hundreds of houses; they climbed thousands of stairs; they inspected innumerabl e kitchens. (Maugham) Here the climax is achieved by simple numerical increase. [1, p. 220] 3. The indispensable constituents of climax What then are the indispensable constituents of climax? They are: a)the distributional constituent: close proximity of the component parts arranged in increasing order of importance or significance; b)the syntactical pattern: parallel constructions with possible lexical repetition; c)the connotative constituent: the explanatory context which helps the reader to grasp the gradation, as no. .. ver once in all his life, nobody ever, nobody, No beggars (Dickens); deep and wide, horrid, dark and tall (Byron); veritable (gem of a city). Climax, like many other stylistic devices, is a means by which the author discloses his world outlook, his evaluation of objective facts and phenomena. The concrete stylistic function of this device is to show the relative importance of things as seen by the author (especially in emotional climax), or to impress upon the r eader the significance of the things described by suggested comparison, or to depict phenomena dynamically. 3. What is Anticlimax?According to Efimov, anticlimax (or Bathos) – is a stylistic device which consists in arranging the utterance so that each subsequent component of it decreases significance, importance or emotional tension of narration: If John’s eyes fill with tears, you may have no doubt: he has been eating raw onions. [2, p. 70] Kukharenko V. A. views anticlimax as an unexpected turn of the thought which defeats expectations of the reader (listener) and ends in complete semantic reversal of the emphasized idea. [3, p. 93] The device thus called is characterized by some authors as â€Å"back gradation†.As its very name shows, it is the opposite to climax, but this assumption is not quite correct. It would serve no purpose whatever making the second element weaker than the first, the third still weaker, and so on. A real anticlimax is a sudden decept ion of the recepient: it consists in adding one weaker element to one or several strong ones, mentioned before. The recepient is disaappointed in his expectations: he predicted a stronger element to follow; instead, some insignificant idea follows the significant one (ones). Needless to say, anticlimax is employed with a humorous aim.For example, in It’s abloody lie and not quite true, we see the absurdity of mixing up an offensive statement with a polite remark. [4, p. 156] The ideas expressed may be arranged in ascending order of significance, or they may be poetical or elevated, but the final one, which the reader expects to be the culminating one, as in climax, is trifling or farcical. There is a sudden drop from the lofty or serious to the ridiculous. A typical example is Aesop's fable â€Å"The Mountain in Labour†. â€Å"In days of yore, a mighty rumbling was heard in a Mountain.It was said to be in labour, and multitudes flocked together, from far and near, to see what it would produce. After long expectation and many wise conjectures from the bystanders – out popped, a Mouse! † Here we have deliberate anticlimax, which is a recognized form of humour. Anti- climax is frequently used by humorists like Mark Twain and Jerome K. Jerome. In â€Å"Three Men in a Boat†, for example, a poetical passage is invariably followed by ludicrous scene. For example, the author expands on the beauties of the sunset on the river and concludes: But we didn't sail into the world of golden sunset: we went slap into that old punt where the gentlemen were fishing. † Another example is: â€Å"This war-like speech, received with many a cheer, Had filled them with desire of fame, and beer! ‘ (Byron) [1, p. 221] 4. Conclusions There are some types of semantically complicated parallelism. They are presente by climax and anticlimax. Climax, like many other stylistic devices, is a means by which the author discloses his world, outlook, his evaluation of objective facts and phenomena.The concrete stylistic function of this device is to show the relative importance of things as seen by the author (especially in emotional climax), or to impress upon the reader the significance of the things described by suggested comparison, or to depict phenomena dynamically. Climax which increases emotional tension of the utterance may be called emotional. Emotional gradation is created by synonymic words with emotive meanings: nice – handsome – beautiful – marvellous – gorgeous; Climax revealing the quantity of objects may be called quantitative: There were dozens of planets, hundreds of meteorites, innumerable number of stars.There is a device which is called anticlimax. The ideas expressed may be arranged in ascending order of significance, or they may be poetical or elevated, but the final one, which the reader expects to be the culminating one, as in climax, is trifling or farcical. There is a sudde n drop from the lofty or serious to the ridiculous. For example: The fire burnt John's house down and he lost his cell phone. Yesterday I had good sleep but I have to meet my uncle today. References 1. ?. ?. / ?. . . – ?. : , 1981 2. ?. ?. , ?. ?.  « ?  ». - . – : , 2004. – ?. 69-71 3. ?. ?. ? : . – .  «  », 2000 – 160 ?. 4. ?. ?. : - ? . . . / ?. ?. . – 2-? . , . – ?. :  «  »;  «  », 2003. – 221, [3] ?. ( . ).